مذكرة الفسيولوجى الفرقة الأولى

 tags : كلية التمريض جامعة الزقازيق ,التمريض رسالة ,أسرة التمريض رسالة ,امتحانات فسيولوجى ,مراجعة فسيولوجى,اسئلة تمريض MCQ

مذكرة الفسيولوجى الفرقة الاولى كلية التمريض جامعة الزقازيق 

تحتوى المذكرة على تلخيص لأهم الاسئلة فى منهج الفسيولوجى  والاسئلة الاكثرا تكرارك فى الامتحانات السابقة تحتوى المذكرة أيضا على امتحان على امتحان السنة الماضية physiology Exam 2014

  

لتحميل المزكرة كاملة ملف جاهز للطباعة من هنــــــــــا

الشرح

Discuss

1 ) Function of autonomic supply to the thoracic organs

1 ) heart         stimulates all properties of the cardiac muscles

                                                                                        A ) Increase heart rat  HR

B) Vasodilatation of coronary blood vessels

C) Increase force of contraction

2) Lung

Bronchodilatation and inhibits bronchial  secretion

V.C pulmonary blood vessels leading to better ventilation

2) Function of autonomic supply to pelvic organs?

1) Relaxation of  the wall of urinary bladder and rectum .stimulation of the internal urethral

2) V.C of pelvic

3) V.C of the external genital organs .

4) Contraction of smooth muscles of epididymis

5) In female : onuterus and falloppiantube mainly inhibitory but late in pregnancy its excitatory to uterus.

3) Discuss autonomic nerve supply to the eye ?

1)mydriases = dilatation of the pupile due to contraction of the dilator papillae muscle

2) Exophthalmos = forward protrusion of the eye ball

3) Widening of the pulpebral fissure

4) Accommodation for far vision .

4) Plasma proteins ? types and function ?

A) Types of plasma protein

1) Albumin  -2) Globulines  -3) fibrinogen  -4) prothronbin

B) Function of plasma proteins   هــــــــام

1) used by tissue as nutrient

2) blood clot

3) By its osmotic pressure it regulates the volume of blood tissue fluid and urine

4) By its viscosity its affects peripheral resistance blood pressure and the blood flow

5) Its defensive function by globulins.

6) it carries important material and prevents its loss in urine

7) it affects capillary permeability

5) hypoprotinaemia (cases)

Define by marked decrease in plasma protein

1 - ↓ intake (malnutrition)

2 - ↓ Absorption (malabsorption)

3 – liver disease lead to ↓formation

4 – Kidney disease lead to ↑ loss

5 – congenital

ما قرن شيء إلى شيء أفضل من إخلاص إلى تقوى ، و من حلم إلى علم ، و من صدق إلى عمل ، فهي زينة الأخلاق و منبت الفضائل

6) Regulation of RBCS formation ?

1 – Hypoxia  ↓ O2 supply to tissue stimulates kidney .

2- Endocrine system

3 – liver :

. store Iron , cupper,B12 Aand folic acid .

4 – Bone marrow : the site of RBCS formation so damage of bone marrow by toxins , infection, radiation or malignancy lead to a plastic anemia

5 – Diet :

Protein : protein of high biological value is needed

Minerals : iron ,cupper and cobalt

(7) Discuss hemophilia?

- Hemorrhagic disease.

-Hereditary disease carried by female affect male

- Hemophilia A: Deficiency of factor VII

-Hemophilia B: Deficiency of factor IX

-Hemophilia C: deficiency of factor XI

8) mention precaution and complication of blood transfusion ?

A- Precaution

-Blood must be take from healthy donor more than 55 kg age 15-55

-Blood must collected under complete aseptic

-Bl is  determined.

-Blood id stored in b.bank at 2-4 c for maximum 3 weeks

-Before b.transfusion   cross matching is done by mixing cells of donor

-Plasma of recipient and tested for agglutination.

B- Complication of blood transfusion

1-Of compatible blood

Over load heart –transmission of disease  - ↑K stop heart in diastole

-  ↓Ca lead to tetany   -Allergic and pyrogenic reaction due to  Wbc and platlet

2- Incompatible blood

-pain in the back of the chest or else where due to clumping of of donor Rbcs blocking capillaries

–post transfusion jaundice

-Renal failure

9) factor regulation heart rate ?

1- Arterial blood pressure (ABP↑) → ↑HR

2- vemous return →  ↑HR

3- B.gass ↓O2 → ↑HR

4- Pain : mild moderate pain↑HR  - sever pain ↓ HR

5- Temperature (T) ↑T lead to   ↑HR

6- Hormones : adrenalin ,thyroxin ↑HR

10 ) Factor affecting C.O.P?

1 –Venous return (VR)

                                                                                                  2 –Heart rate (HR)

3- force of contraction

11) Regulation of cardiac out put (C.O.P)

12) Blood coagulation steps ?

1- Formation of prothrombin activator 

2- Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

3- conversion of fibrinogen → Fibrin → Stable Fibrin network which entangles blood cells in its meshes

Mechanism of blood coagulation

-Intrinsic mechanism → depend on blood component only

-Extrinsic mechanism → needs  tissue factor

13) Significance of arterial pulse ?

1- Presence of pulse indicates that the arterial tree is patent from the heart till the point at which pulse is left

2- It gives idea about HR   3-Its gives idea about rhythm

4- it gives idea about  the force of ventricular contraction.

5- Its gives idea about the wall of artery

Prepared by: Amro Ali abu Hashim

Typed by : Ahmed Elhady  

14) Factor maintaining the blood pressure ?

1- Stroke volume (S.V) ↑S.V  → ABP-- S.V affect systolic blood pressure

2- HR :↑HR → ABP . HR affect mainly systolic blood pressure

3- Peripheral resistance (PR) : PR ↑→ ABP

4- Elasticity of arterial wall

5- total blood volume in relation to capacity of circulation ↑capacity  

15) Discus causes  of edema

1-Cardiac: due to↑ venous pressure more fluid leave capillaries to tissue .

2-Pregnancy edema : due to compression of veins lower limb by pregnant utres

3-Nutritional edema : due to ↓formation of plasma protein .

4- hepatic edema : dye to ↓formation of plasma protein .

5- Renal : due to loss of plasma protein

6- ↑Capillary permeability .

7- Lymphatic obstruction :  ↓drainage of tissue fluid

16) Discuss chemical regulation respiration ?

This regulation takes place via changes in the blood gases which act on chemoreceptor to adjust respiration in order to keep

- O2 supply to tissue adequate

- CO2 level in  blood within normal range

-H+ concentration in blood within normal ranges .

18) Dyspnea ?

Difficult breathing – Awareness of breathing –Dyspnea occurs when the dyspnic index become less 60% or when the resting ventilation become tripled

Causes of Dyspnea ?

1 – Pulmonary causes :

A – Obstructive lung disease .

B – Restrictive lung disease .

2- Cardiac causes : - mitral stenosis on left sided H.F  

3- Neurogenic psychic : -Fear or emotion causes hypertension

4- Anemia → dyspnea occurs only during exertion

5-General causes

1- O2 lack in high altitude

2- Thyrotoxicosis→ ↑metabolism →↑CO2 →↑Respiration

3- Renal failure  

6- Abdominal causes :Ascitis ….. Distension

19) Discuss function of Thyroxin and triiodothyronim (T4.T3)

-It stimulates the metabolism of nearly all body cells by ↑the use of food for emergency , increase O2 consumption ↑BMR ↑ Blood glucose level

↓blood cholesterol and phospholipids

↑ protein synthesis in normal level of Thyroxin hormone , however with high level of T3 and T4.

-Diuresis – Its stimulates conversion of carotin to vitamin A       -It stimulates physical and mental growth.

Its needed for normal development and function of C.N.S

-Heart ↑HR --↑Force contraction --↑Systolic ABP --↓Diastolic ABP

-↑RBCs formation –need for normal gonad function

-It is stimulates motility and secretion – it ↑pulmonary ventilation – need for normal development of muscle

20) Discuss Hyperthyroidism ?

Hyperthyroidism= Grave.s disease =Thyrotoxicosis

Causes → The most cause is due to autoimmune disease caused by long acting thyroid stimulator produced by Blymphatosyit

*Clinical picture:

1-Introlerance to heat to ↑BMR with excessive sweating

2- loss of body weight inspite of increase appetite due to diarrhea and expend catabolism

3-Decrease cholesterol level.

4- Hyperglycemia. 5- Bradycardia 6- poor memory

21) Discuss Myxoedema  ?

-Hyperthyroidism in adult the most common causes is surgical removal of gland

Other causes →

-Endemic due to decrease iodine intake –Thyroiditis

-Damage of gland by autoimmune.

Clinical picture

1-Intolerance to cold due to ↓ BMR   2- Loss of appetite and constipation .  3- poor memory 4-Lethrorgy 5- sleepiness 6- Dry ,cold skin 7- loss of hair 8- Hypochromic microcytic anemia 9- ↑Cholesterol

22) Function of cortisol?  

-Carbohydrate metabolism :it ↑blood glucose level.

-Fat metabolism lipolysis and  redistribution of fat in face and upper part s of body and buttocks

3-Mineral metabolism ↑Na reabsorption in exchange with K secretion

4- Protein metabolism ↑protein breakdown

5- GIT →↑acidity and promotes peptic ulcer formation

6- It impedes the development   of cartilage and decrease calcium absorption from intestine .

7- It increase Rbcs and decrease T lymphocyte

8-Anti inflammatory →blocks early stage of inflammation

9- Anti allergic →Inhabitation of histamine  

23) Cushing syndrome ? 

-Result from excessive production of cortisol

 Clinical picture

-Hyperglycemia and glucosuria

-Muscle weakness.

-Pendulous abdomen with purplish striae 

-Abnormal fat distribution.

-Osteoporosis

- Hypokalemia

-Atrophy of gonads ,amenorrhea in female and impotence of male .

24) Function of insulin hormone ?

A- Hypoglycemia ie decrease blood glucose level by 

1- Stimulation of glucose uptake ,use and storage by the cell

2- Increase formation of glycogen from glucose.

3- Excess glucose after glycogen formation is transformed to fat .

4- inhibition of gluconeogenesis   

  B- Stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis

  C- Stimulates protein anabolism

25)Hormonal control of breast ?

1- Estrogen – 2 progesterone 3 – prolactin  4- Oxytocin 5- General hormone

26) function of bile salt ?

1- Absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins

2-Antibacterial effect and stimulate intestinal motility

3- Solvent action  : keep cholesterol and fatty acids in solution preventing formation of gall bladder stone

4- choleretic: stimulate intestinal motility

5- Prevent protein putrefaction by digestion and absorption by digestion and absorption of fat

6- help digestion of fat by emulsification of fat by decrease the surface tension thus increase the surface of the area exposed to enzymes

27) function of gallbladder ?

1-Storage of bile in between meals as the sphincter of it chos

And liver continuous to secrete bile

2-Helps continuous  flow of hepatic bile in-between meal by storage of bile as  it prevents back pressure .

3- concentration of bile by absorption of water

4- Acidification of bile by absorption of bicarbonate

5- Prevent stone formation

28) Function of large intestine ?

1-Absorption of water ,electrolytes,some vitamins and some drugs .

-about 2 L of water is absorbed by osmosis .

-Some drugs could be taken as suppository

-Absorption of electrolytes .

2-Storage and evacuation of stool

-The colon stores faces and the rectum is usually empty except just before defecation.

3- Bacterial action in large intestine.

Useful bacteria: synthesis of vitamins →Vit K

-Digest macromolecules thus prevent caecal  enlargement and obstruction.

-Stimulate the intestinal wall to secrete IgA

-Harmful bacteria

-Ammonia formation

–Cholesterol

-Histamin- serotonin – Vit B 12  and ascorbic acid utilization

4-Secretion of alkaline mucus to protect the mucosa from acids

29) Uterine cycle ?

-It’s the cycling changes occurs in endometrium of uterus every month → it’s the weeping of crying non pregnant uterus lack of baby 

(phases of it )

1 – Destructive or menstrual phase

 - From the first day to the 5^th day of the cycle .

Causes : Vasospasm of spiral arteries leading to ischaemia of superficial layers of the endometrium  of uterus leading to necrosis and shedding of superfacial layers of the endometrium  loss of unclotted blood .about 100ml .most of blood is arterial

2- Proliferative phase :

From 5^th day of cycle – Regeneration of surface of epithelium

↑ thickness of endothelium –uterine gland elongated

↑ vascularity and blood vessels  become spiral

 3- Secretory phase 

-From 15^th day beginning of the next cycle .

-  ↑ thickness of the endometrium to reach full thickness

- Uterine glands  become coiled and full of secretion

-this phase is under effect of estrogen and progesterone .

30- Ovarian cycle

*At puberty – under the capsule of ovaries about 400.000 primary follicles ,each one passing into the following phases

1- follicular or maturation phase

Each month 6-12 primary follicles enlarge in size under the effect of FSH – after one week follicles continues to enlarge until it become mature graffian follicle –the growing follicle secrete Estrogen

2-Ovulation phase

-it occurs in 14^th day of the cycle under the effect of LH

-The mature graffian follicle rupture with expulsion of mature ovum into peritoneal cavity to be picked up by fimbriated end of fallopian tube .

3- Luteal phase

The remaining part of mature graffian follicle become loaded with yellow pigment which called corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone .

Prepared by : Amro Abo Hashim   typed by : Ahmed Elhady

Define

1 – Hypoprotinaemia    →     Marked decrease in plasma protein

2- Polycythaemia   →    Rbcs↑ → (physiological  high altitude )  pathological:  malignant tumor in bone marrow. 

3- Cardiac index      →           C.O.P /M2

4- Edema                       →        Accumulation of fluid in↓  excess

5-Pneumothorax    →      presence of air in the pleural sac

6- Tidal volume      →          volume of air which can be taken by normal inspiration or expired by normal expiration during rest =500 ml.

7- Vital capacity(IC)     →             volume of air which can be expired by forced expiration after deep inspiration = IRV+TV+ERV=4600 L.

8- Hypoxia              →        Diminished O2 supply at tissue level

9-     cyanosis        →                       Bluish coloration of skin and mucous membrane due to↑ amount of reduced HB in capillary blood .more than 5gm/100

10- Dyspnea          →       Difficult breathing its occurs when the dyspnic index become less than 60% or when the resting ventilation becomes tripled

11- Orthopnea        →                   dyspnea on lying down relieved by sitting or standing position.

12- vomiting     →                         it is the explosion of upper   GIT contents through the esophagus .pharynx and mouth .its controlled by vomiting centre and chemoreceptor trigger zone

13- Jaundice   →                      yellowish discolouration of the skin and mucous membrane due to increase bilirubin more than 2mg%

الإرادة هي ما يدفعك للخطوة الأولى على طريق الكفاح، أما العزيمة فهي ما يبقيك على هذا الطريق حتى النهاية

 

Purpura	Hemophilia
In ♂and ♀-	1 -  Hereditary disease carried by♀ Affected ♂ .
Spontaneously –	2- usually after trauma
-Defect platelets or blood vessels wall	3- causes : -Hemophillia A: deficiency of factor v11 -HemophilliaB : deficiency of factor 1x -Hemophillia C : deficiency of factor X1
Clotting  time→ normal 4- bleeding time → prolonged	3-clotting time →  Prolonged 4- bleeding time → normal

Cretinism	Dwarfism
-Slow physical and mental growth	-Slow physical growth
Disproportionate -	- Proportionate
↓ Thyroid hormone in child	↓GH child ↓ anterior pituitary H  ↓ somatomedin

diabetes insipidus (D.I)	Diabetes mellitus (DM)
-Disease caused by ADH Hormone shortage .	-Syndrome characterized by metabolic and vascular events
Caused by↓  antidiuretic Hormone ↓ADH .	Caused by insulin deficiency
Poly uria Polydipsia *****	Symptoms : Polyuria   -polydipsia  -Glucose may appears in urine